Walk-and-talk mock: preparation tasks

We will be doing a walk-and-talk mock exam on Thursday 27 April at 8.30am.

The preliminary material that gives you the brief you need to follow in the exam is available here. You will also be given a printed copy in class.

You MUST complete the following research and planning tasks before the exam next Thursday 27 April.

Revision

1) Revise all your Task 1 research from December. 

2) Revise all your Task 1 research from February.

3) Make five revision cards for The Chase: TV Game Show key conventions; host/chaser and why they are popular; game format and contestants; studio set design and mise-en-scene; audience pleasures.

4) Prepare three key moments from actual episodes of The Chase that you could use as an example in a Task 1 answer (e.g. a specific joke between Bradley Walsh and a contestant or the chaser).

5) Make five revision cards for one other TV game show: TV Game Show key conventions; host and why they are popular; game format and contestants; studio set design and mise-en-scene; audience pleasures.

6) Prepare three key moments from actual episodes of that game show that you could use as an example in a Task 1 answer (e.g. a contestant discussing what they would do with the prize money; a specific game that creates tension for the audience etc.)

Walk-and-talk brief: Planning and preparation

1) Re-read the preliminary brief carefully to ensure you fully understand what the exam will focus on.

2) Choose which of the three potential game shows you will develop a pitch for.

3) Brainstorm ideas for your chosen TV game show from the three offered. Plan out the following:

• Slogan or tagline - how will you sell the show to an audience?
• The studio/location in which the show is filmed (and what is looks like)
• The host or hosts
• The contestants or panellists
• The games/activities contestants play
• The prize(s)
• Potential TV channels and timings to broadcast your show
• Your show's USP - unique selling point
• Your show's target audience (demographics and similar shows they might watch)

4) The preliminary brief states they want to target a young audience for the new game show. How would your game show plan appeal to a young audience? Think about the audience pleasures of TV game shows here.

5) Storyboard the opening sequence (around 1min) for your new TV Game Show. Use this AQA storyboard sheet if you don't pick up a paper copy in class.

6) Design a website homepage for your chosen TV show. Remember to include video content and links to social media.

7) How could you use social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter to further promote your chosen game show?

8) Write a three-paragraph answer for why your show will be successful in the incredibly competitive marketplace of modern television.

All tasks MUST be completed before Thursday 27 April.

Assignment 3: Evaluation

We are now at the very final piece of work for our coursework folder: the Assignment 3 evaluation.

This is a crucial final piece of Assignment 3 and is worth 10 marks. There is no reason why you can't pick up the vast majority of those 10 marks simply by writing a comprehensive essay that covers each Media key concept.

Evaluation guidance

The AQA specification says that your evaluation should include:

• how the aims of the production have been met
• how the product applies appropriate codes and conventions and uses appropriate media language
• how the product represents people, places or events
• where and when the product would be exhibited 
• what regulations and controls might be applied to the product and how these have been taken into consideration
• the strengths and weaknesses of the product in terms of meeting the needs of its audience.

Regulation and control on the internet

One aspect of the evaluation we have not yet covered in class is the regulation and control of the media.

Regulate definition: Control or supervise by means of rules and regulations.

The media in the UK is regulated by Ofcom: the Office for Communications. Ofcom is responsible for regulatory devices such as the Watershed - which makes sure inappropriate content is not shown on TV before 9pm.

Does Ofcom regulate the internet?

No. The internet is self-regulating, which means individual service providers are responsible for content. 

In addition, websites such as Google offer ‘safe search’ options to allow parents to filter out offensive material. Similarly, YouTube safety mode is used to block videos that might be inappropriate for younger viewers. Would your video be appropriate for children? How did you make sure your video wouldn't be flagged as inappropriate?

Evaluation: essay guidance

You can find the full evaluation guidance here - make sure you cover each aspect.


Homework reminder

• Complete any unfinished Assignment 3 planning, filming or editing
• Write your Assignment 3 Evaluation
• Complete any final improvements to Assignments 1 and 2.

Due: Tuesday 18 April

February PPE preparation: TV Game Shows

Your PPE Media Studies exam is on Tuesday 28 February at 8.35am.

The preliminary material that gives you the brief you need to follow in the exam is available here. You will also be given a printed copy in class.

You MUST complete the following research and planning tasks before the exam on Tuesday 28 February.

Revision

1) Revise all your Task 1 research from December. 

2) Make five revision cards for Pointless: TV Game Show key conventions; hosts and why they are popular; game format and contestants; studio set design and mise-en-scene; audience pleasures.

3) Prepare three key moments from actual Pointless episodes that you could use as an example in a Task 1 answer (e.g. a specific discussion or joke between the two hosts).

4) Make five revision cards for The Cube: TV Game Show key conventions; host and why Phillip Schofield is popular; game format and contestants; studio set design and mise-en-scene; audience pleasures.

5) Prepare three key moments from actual episodes of The Cube that you could use as an example in a Task 1 answer (e.g. a contestant discussing what they would do with the prize money; a specific game that creates tension for the audience etc.)

Research 

The Chase

*Note: the social media questions will need to be completed at home due to the school's firewall blocking certain sites.

1) Watch this whole episode of The Chase:




2) Read The Chase Wikipedia entry and make notes on why the show is so popular.

3) List the key conventions of Game Shows that you find in The Chase.

4) What audience pleasures are offered by The Chase?

5) How important is the host Bradley Walsh in making the show successful? What is his appeal to the audience?

6) How is The Chase's Twitter feed used during the show? What audience might this particularly appeal to? How does this add to the audience pleasures of The Chase?

7) How does The Chase's Facebook page encourage audiences to interact and engage with the show? 

8) What does The Chase app offer to audiences? If you can, download the app to your phone or tablet to further research the way it promotes the show.

PPE brief: Planning and preparation

1) Re-read the preliminary brief carefully to ensure you fully understand what the exam will focus on.

2) Choose which of the three potential game shows you will develop a pitch for.

3) Brainstorm ideas for your chosen TV game show from the three offered. Plan out the following:

• Slogan or tagline - how will you sell the show to an audience?
• The studio/location in which the show is filmed (and what is looks like)
• The host or hosts
• The contestants or panellists
• The games/activities contestants play
• The prize(s)
• Potential TV channels and timings to broadcast your show
• Your show's USP - unique selling point
• Your show's target audience (demographics and similar shows they might watch)

4) The preliminary brief provides a target audience for each show. How would your game show plan appeal to the audience stated in the brief? Think about the audience pleasures of TV game shows here.

5) Storyboard the opening sequence (around 1min) for your new TV Game Show. Use this AQA storyboard sheet if you don't pick up a paper copy in class.

6) Design a website homepage for your chosen TV show. Remember to include video content and links to social media.

7) How could you use social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter to further promote your chosen game show?

8) Write a three-paragraph answer for why your show will be successful in the incredibly competitive marketplace of modern television.

All tasks MUST be completed before Tuesday 28 February.

Research and planning: Pre-production

The final aspect of your Assignment 3 Research and Planning is pre-production.

This is the planning, sketching and drafting that you must complete before picking up a camera and filming your music video.

In your group OR individually, you need to complete the following planning:

1) Storyboard
2) Shotlist
3) Mise-en-scene planning

You need a minimum of 3 pages EACH. You CANNOT put any work in your folder that has been created by someone else in your group.

Storyboard

• Use the skills you have already developed in Assignment 2.
• Create a visual ‘feel’ for what you want your music video to look like – you won’t be able to storyboard every shot.
• Use a wide variety of creative shots and draw them accurately.
• Aim for somewhere between 10-20 frames (depending on whether you are working individually or in a group).
• Make sure you write text in the right-hand boxes explaining the type of shot (must be accurate), camera movement and sound (which line of the song the shot goes with).

Shot list

• The shot list is the single most important pre-production document – you will tick off each shot while shooting.
• Remember, you will shoot far more than you actually use - which means a variety of shots for each event or location in the music video.
• Due to this, there will be far more shots on the shot list than in the storyboard.
• You will need at least one shot for every second of the track you have chosen - so the shot list will contain 180+ shots.
• The most important shot type to plan is close-ups. Ideally, you should have one close up every three shots. That means 60+ close-ups planned in your shot list!

Mise-en-scene planning

• This document involves all the planning for anything appearing in front of the camera. Remember CLAMPS: Costume, Lighting, Actors (cast), Make-up, Props, Setting.
• Use images to show you have planned each aspect of mise-en-scene (phone pictures/ Google images/ Google maps are all acceptable here).

The deadline for all your research and planning is Tuesday 21 February. 

IMPORTANT: you cannot sign out a camera for filming unless everyone in your group has completed ALL research and planning documents.

Research and Planning: Audience

You need to complete THREE pages of work to cover audience research and planning. These are worth five marks in total so it's important to make sure they are detailed and creative.

1) Target Audience. ONE page on Microsoft Word listing your chosen band/artist's target audience demographics (bullet points) and brands your audience enjoys. 

Example: 

Target audience demographics for Kings of Leon:

• Alternative music/rock/indie fans. 
• Age range 15-45 but largely 16-30.
• Slightly more males then females (60/40). 
• Largely white British race/ethnicity.
• Largely middle class ABC1 demographic. 
• Likely to be educated at least to A Level with 60% at university or degree educated.
• Earnings above average and likely to do or have ambitions to do a degree-level job.
• Likely to live in towns and cities but not exclusively.
• Happy adopting new technology and regularly uses social networking sites and the internet.

Brands/lifestyle for Kings of Leon fans:

• Very likely to own an Apple product/mp3 player and take their music seriously. Almost certainly owns a smart phone but could be Samsung or Apple.
• Enjoys a drink – likely to be beer rather than wine. 
• Sony audio/visual products.
• Red Bull.
• Jack Daniels.
• Levis.
• NME or Q magazine.
• Sky Atlantic.
• May also be fans of Biffy Clyro, Florence and the Machine, MGMT, Kasabian, Foo Fighters and Muse.

2) Audience Profile. ONE page on Adobe Photoshop presenting your target audience and brand choices in a stylish graphical collage.

Create an A4 Audience Profile in Photoshop for your band/artist.

Your Audience Profile needs to include the following:

1) Band/artist logo or graphic

2) Demographic breakdown of target audience

3) Lifestyle statements that the target audience would agree with

4) Collage of brands/items that your target audience would use or enjoy

Use this NME example to help you.

3) Focus group write up. ONE page on Microsoft Word explaining FIVE comments you have received about your video idea and how you will change/develop it based on your feedback.

You need to conduct some audience research with another individual/group in the class. This is called a focus group and you then write up the feedback you get to help target your audience and refine your music video concept.

Example

Artist/song 
Kings of Leon: Beautiful War

Music video concept
Three locations for this slow, atmospheric song. One: walking in slow motion by River Thames at dusk/late afternoon looking moody. Two: drama studio, blacked out, single spotlight, singing track. Three: bedroom – super slow motion black and white pillow fight between boy and girl as song reaches crescendo.

Five comments I received about this concept
1) The locations sounds good but need to make sure the time of day and weather/lighting is appropriate for filming this type of video.
2) This wouldn't appeal to all teenagers but more young people into emo or alternative lifestyles or skateboarding should like it.
3) You will need to make sure the drama studio doesn't look like a drama studio or this will kill the overall effect of the video.
4) The super slow motion sounds great but would a pillow fight work with the song? Perhaps think of a different idea or something else/another location to film in slow motion.
5) For this type of music an extra location with a band playing might be a good key convention to include in a rock music video.

How I will use this feedback to change/develop my idea:

• For the river location, we will book a camera for the weekend so we have two days of potential filming for that part of the video - and also check the weather forecast first. We also need to check what time the sun sets at this time of year.
• Our target audience is teenagers who enjoy the emo/alternative lifestyle so this video should fit in well.
• The drama studio will not be visible in shot - it will just be a spotlight in black and white and shot in close up so there isn't anything to see in the background. Framing this shot will be very important though and making sure the lighting is right.
• We will consider changing the pillow fighting scene to something else although it's difficult to think of a location or activity that would work well in super slow motion and also be available to film. 
• We have considered having a band playing the song but don't have the location and equipment so will stick with the singing in a spotlight to make sure we've got a performance element in the video. 

Focus group instructions

1) Pair up with another group/individual.

2) One group pitches their idea and target audience.

3) The other group offers feedback: FIVE specific comments (these can follow WWW/EBI format).
4) Swap around and repeat.

Next, in Microsoft Word,  produce a one-page write-up of your focus group discussion.

Include the following:

1) Your chosen artist and song.

2) Your music video treatment summarised in one paragraph.

3) The feedback you received from another group 
4) What you plan to change/develop in terms of your video idea as a result of your audience research

Aim for around 250 words in total - no more than one page of A4.

You must finish these THREE audience research and planning tasks for homework. Due: Next Thursday.

Music video treatment: task

You now need to finalise your group and choose the song you will use. Once you've done this, brainstorm ideas for your music video and then write a treatment planning exactly what you are going to film. 

A reminder of the three main types of music video:

• Performance
• Narrative
• Visual effects

This online Powerpoint of music video key conventions may help you plan your video.

Remember the songs you can choose to use are as follows:

• College – A Real Hero
• Clean Bandit – Rather Be ft. Jess Glynne
• Woodkid – Run Boy Run
• M.I.A. – Paper Planes
• Sam Smith – Stay With Me (Rainer + Grimm Remix)
• Bastille – Of The Night
• American Authors – Best Day Of My Life
• The White Stripes – Seven Nation Army
• Coldplay – A Sky Full Of Stars
• Frank Ocean – Thinking About You
• The Script – Hall Of Fame

If you have a specific idea that requires a different song you can pitch this to your Media Studies teacher and see if they agree. If your song choice is approved, you will need to bring your own copy of the song (in WAV, mp3 or mp4 format).

Use this music video treatment template to document your planning - this needs to be printed and put in your coursework folder when it is complete.

This is a vital part of your 12 pages of planning and you should make sure your treatment is no longer than two pages.

Your music video treatment AND existing product research is due by the end of Thursday THIS week.

Music video treatment: notes

Music video treatment

At the beginning of every music video project, there is a need to work with the artist to define a desired treatment. A video treatment, also known as video concept, outlines information with regards to what the music video will be about.

Conceptually, a music video could show the artist performing the song in front of a live audience or by itself; alternatively, a music video can also present a story line where certain situations and storytelling takes place. Furthermore, it can also be an experimental exercise where random images are shown to complement the music in a more abstract way. All of these angles constitute the treatment, or concept, of a music video.

However, a video treatment goes beyond this exercise of defining the overall direction of the video. The treatment goes down to describe the kind of locations, situations, stories, images, look and feel, tone and colour, pacing and so on of the music video. Even though most treatment writers don't follow specific guidelines or structures, a well written treatment is one that can successfully communicate complete ideas to artists.

Summarizing, a music video treatment is the starting point of every project. It allows the production company to communicate its ideas to the artists and it allows artists to make decisions regarding the direction of their video. The treatment also helps production companies to write production budgets that are accurate and that give artists a complete view of what to expect when embarking on the production of their music video.

Source: Creando Music Video Production

Example music video treatment

Alt-J: Breezeblocks by Ellis Bahl 

Three shots, slow motion, played in reverse.

Cool tones. Blues and Whites.

Scene 1: A man sits on the floor of a bathroom, head in hands.

The camera moves to the bathtub, the water is running, a fully clothed woman lies submerged, a breezeblock on her stomach. Her hair floats on top of the water, hiding her face. Blood slowly runs backwards into her head. The man gets up and the breezeblock bounces up off the woman's head and into his hands. He puts it on the ground next the the tub. The two of them scuffle.

Scene 2: They sprint backwards down the hallway. Her in front, him in back. (he's chasing her) They backwards fight through a flat. They unshatter dishes and bookshelves stand up with books placing themselves back into order as they reverse fight their way through the apartment.

Scene 3: They make their way towards the front door. A knife flies off the floor and into the woman's hand. The man grapples with her. He turns away from her and she recedes into the shadows. 

The man looks down into a cupboard. ANOTHER woman is tied up and sucking in a scream. Her eyes close. They kiss. They stop and the man slaps ducktape over her mouth. He closes the door. He walks backwards, flips the lights off and exits out the front door.

The woman with the knife returns and opens the cupboard. The tied up woman's eyes are filled with terror. The knife woman says something. "I think I'll have a bath while we wait for your Husband to get home. You don't mind, do you?"

Assignment 3: Existing product research

The first part of your Research and Planning is existing product research - that means analysing existing music videos and learning from them.

Research six music videos, writing a minimum of 150 words for each video. Try focusing on a different aspect for each video:

Video 1: Creative concept / visual effects
Video 2: Narrative
Video 3: Performance element
Video 4: Camerawork (shots/movement)
Video 5: Mise-en-scene (everything you can see in the video - setting, costume, props etc.)
Video 6: Editing (inc. counting the shots in the video)

Example:

Writing analysis

You should embed a screengrab from the video into your Word document along with the title of the song and artist. In addition, you need to identify the specific aspect of media analysis you are focusing on to make it clear what you are analysing (e.g. camerawork, editing, narrative etc.) 

For each video you need to make sure you don’t just describe what is happening, but instead are making analytical comments about the following features using key media terminology:

• Camera movement, shots, angles
• Editing transitions, special effects
• Mise-En-Scene (costume, props, location, facial expression, lighting and colour etc.)
• Representation – how the artist / band / characters are represented through these technical elements above
• Dominant Ideologies – what ideologies are presented in the video, are they dominant ideologies or not? Do they challenge typical beliefs or representations?
• Genre of the music and how this is signified in the video (eg iconography, colour, people etc.)
• Intertextuality – whether the video features any intertextual references, where and why? Intertextuality is when another media text (e.g. film, TV programme) is referred to or suggested in the video.
• Audience reception – how might an audience react to or view the video?
• Audience pleasures - why might an audience watch / enjoy this video (Uses & Gratifications theory - Blumler and Katz).

You can use videos of your choice, but if you need some guidance these are some memorable videos that you could use as inspiration:

Creative concept: OK GO - Here It Goes Again



Narrative/editing: Coldplay - The Scientist



Visual effects: Chemical Brothers - Let Forever Be

You must complete this research for homework - due Tuesday.

Assignment 3: Preliminary exercise editing

Preliminary exercise: reminder of brief

In your group, you need a choose a track from a selection of ten and then film a variety of specified shots (as well as your own ideas).

You will then edit them together into a 30-second video, learning how to use Premiere Pro, and apply certain edits and visual effects.

Note: you can choose your group (AQA maximum: four students per group) for this exercise and ideally will work in the same group for your actual Assignment 3 music video. You must edit individually.

You must include the following:

• A close-up
• A high/low angle shot
• A long shot
• A handheld camera shot
• A slow dissolve transition
• A super-speed OR super slow-motion shot
• A minimum of 10 shots
• Use of colour AND black and white

Editing golden rules

• You MUST copy ALL files (video/audio) into your folder on the Media Shared drive before you start editing.
• Render and save your work regularly.
• YouTube tutorials are available for almost every aspect of video editing on Premiere Pro

Note: If you don't have any footage to edit you must ensure that your coursework folder is up to date and at target grade level for assignments 1 and 2. If your teacher is happy that your folder is complete you can practice your editing skills by working on last year's Run Boy Run video footage. Find the video files on Media Shared:

M:\Resources\GCSE\Assignment 3 - Music video\Preliminary exercise\Run Boy Run - editing practice

Good luck!

Assignment 3: Music video preliminary exercise

Preliminary exercise

In your groups, create a 30-second music video by the end of Tuesday's double lesson.

In your groups, you need a choose a track from a selection and then film a variety of specified shots (as well as your own ideas).

You will then edit them together into a 30-second video, learning how to use Premiere Pro and apply certain edits and visual effects.

The songs available are:

• College – A Real Hero
• Clean Bandit – Rather Be ft. Jess Glynne
• Woodkid – Run Boy Run
• M.I.A. – Paper Planes
• Sam Smith – Stay With Me (Rainer + Grimm Remix)
• Bastille – Of The Night
• American Authors – Best Day Of My Life
• The White Stripes – Seven Nation Army
• Coldplay – A Sky Full Of Stars
• Frank Ocean – Thinking About You
• The Script – Hall Of Fame

These songs are available on the Media Shared drive: M:\Resources\GCSE\Music video audio files

You MUST include the following:

• A close-up
• A high/low angle shot
• A long shot
• A handheld camera shot
• A slow dissolve transition
• A super-speed OR super slow-motion shot
• A minimum of 10 shots
• Use of colour AND black and white

Timing

Today: concept and planning
Homework: filming shots
Tuesday: editing, exporting and screening

Homework: film your preliminary music video.

Due: Tuesday

Assignment 2: Analytical Task

To complete Assignment 2, you need to write a 1,200 word essay analysing the film poster and trailer for the film you chose to study throughout this unit.

The original case study research task you completed back in November is here.

This Assignment 2 essay guidance might help you structure your essay but you don't need to stick to it exactly - original and effective responses will be awarded top marks. 

One of the most important aspects of good academic essay writing is topic sentences. Make sure that you start each section with a simple topic sentence that clearly introduces what the following paragraph will address. For example:

The Taken trailer clearly and effectively establishes the narrative of the film to the audience. Applying Todorov's theory of narrative structure, the equilibrium is established in the opening 20 seconds... 

In an academic essay, good topic sentences are used instead of subheadings for each section. The only exception to this is the final section analysing your own production work. You need to keep this section separate from the main essay.

Remember: all of Assignment 2 is due in this week so make sure everything is in your folder.

Deadline: Thursday 12 January

Narrative theory: blog task

Your blog task is to apply our three narrative theories to the film trailer you are analysing for your essay.

You need to analyse the trailer on your blog using the three theories we learned this morning:

Todorov: equilibrium
Propp: character types
Barthes: enigma and action codes

Embed the trailer in your blog and then write your analysis in full sentences and paragraphs making specific reference to moments in the trailer.

Word count: 250 words minimum.

Example: Silver Linings Playbook

The trailer for Silver Linings Playbook uses many narrative techniques typical of Hollywood romantic comedies. Applying Propp's character theory, we have a clear protagonist or hero in Bradley Cooper's character Patrick - although Jennifer Lawrence's character Tiffany is also a major character so doesn't quite fit the role of Propp's Heroine. In many ways, she is shown to be the stronger character and it is her quest (to compete in the dance competition) that drives the narrative. Robert De Niro offers the classic Father character (and is actually Pat's father) while Chris Tucker plays the Helper role as Pat's friend. These well known character types quickly help establish the romantic comedy genre and allow audiences to understand the main relationships within the two-minute running time of the trailer.

The film's narrative is clearly introduced in the trailer and follows Todorov's theory of equilibrium. The state of balance is the character of Pat trying to get his life back together following his spell in a psychiatric institution. The introduction of Tiffany creates the disequilibrium - along with the request to compete in the dance competition. The new equilibrium is not shown in the trailer - this is critical because even though a standard Hollywood romantic comedy narrative would suggest the couple get together in the end, the audience have to watch the whole film to enjoy this resolution.

The trailer is full of Barthes' enigma and action codes. These are designed to draw the audience in and encourage them to watch the whole film to resolve their questions. The major enigma codes the audience will consider revolve around whether the couple get together and whether they win the dance competition. However, there are other enigma codes such as what has happened in each character's past to cause psychiatric problems - particularly concerning Pat's stay in the psychiatric hospital. Although action codes are less important in the genre of romantic comedy, there are still plenty of dramatic scenes such as the book being thrown out of the window. This suggests there will be moments of drama and tension in the film and the only way to see these resolved and in full is to watch the whole movie.

Narrative theory: key notes

Our work on narrative theory gives us an excellent opportunity to show understanding and application of media theorists in the Assignment 2 analytical task.

The key notes from today's lesson:

Narrative definition: (Noun) A spoken or written account of connected events; a story

Todorov: equilibrium

Tzvetan Todorov is a Franco-Bulgarian philosopher. He suggests that all narratives follow a three part structure.

They begin with equilibrium, where everything is balanced, progress as something comes along to disrupt that equilibrium, and finally reach a resolution, when a new equilibrium is restored.

Equilibrium > Disequilibrium > New equilibrium

This can be applied to almost all film narratives.

Propp: character types

Vladimir Propp was a Soviet scholar who analyzed the basic plot components of Russian folk tales to identify their narrative elements.

His theory states that there are only a certain number of characters, who crop up in most narratives.

Protagonist (or Hero) 

Leads the narrative, is usually looking for something (a quest) or trying to solve something (a mystery).

Antagonist (or Villain) 

Gets in the protagonist's way; rival or enemy.

Heroine 

Usually some sort of ‘prize’ or reward for the hero. (Note: if your hero is female, your heroine can be male)

Father 

An authority figure who offers a reward to the hero for completing their quest. That reward might be a prince or a princess or a new job or promotion.

Helper 

Helps the hero - often acts as a sidekick

Donor 

Gives the hero something - a clue, a talisman, a special power - which helps them complete their quest

Mentor 

Teaches and guides the hero

Barthes: enigma and action codes

Roland Barthes was a French literary theorist.

Barthes' Enigma Code is a theory that suggests a text (whether that be television, film, a poster etc) portrays a mystery to draw an audience in, pose questions and, as such, become intrigued in the piece. 

For instance, a murder mystery will often not reveal the identity of the murderer until the end of the story, which poses the question "Who is the murderer?"

Barthes' Action Code relates to tension: any action or event that suggests something else may happen – and therefore keep the audience engaged. A good example would be a gun being drawn - the audience know a dramatic scene will follow.

Action codes work alongside enigma codes to engage and maintain the interest of the audience.

In a film trailer, they are used to intrigue the audience and make them want to pay to see the whole film. This is a crucial aspect of film marketing.

Representation: questions to consider

Representation is probably the most challenging Media key concept to understand and apply to our own choice of text.

If you're struggling to write your paragraph analysing the representation of people or groups in your chosen trailer, use the questions below to help you:

Taken

• How is the white middle-class male hero presented? Is this representation conforming to other representations of white men in action films? Why?
• How are females represented? Are the women being rescued by men? Why?
• How are eastern-Europeans represented? What might the fact the human-traffickers are Albanian suggest to the audience? 
• How is Europe represented? Remember, the film involves an American girl visiting Europe for the first time - is Europe presented as safe? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.

Suffragette

• How are women represented in the trailer? What specific examples can you provide from the trailer to support his? Are traditional female roles subverted?
• How are working class people represented in the trailer? How are the middle or upper classes represented? Does this reinforce or challenge traditional stereotypes?
• How are men represented in the trailer? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.

Spectre

• How are men represented in the trailer? Is this representation conforming to other representations of men in action films? Why?
• How are females represented? What message might this send to the audience?
• How is Britain or London represented? Is this a stereotypical representation of Great Britain?
• How are European people represented? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• How is social class represented in Spectre? Does it reinforce or challenge stereotypes about the British class system?

Juno

• How are teenagers represented? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• How are teenage girls represented? Does the film use stereotypes? Are stereotypes reinforced or challenged?
• How is the issue of teenage pregnancy represented? Is this the representation you would expect in the media?
• How are teenage relationships represented? Do these representations reinforce or challenge stereotypes?

The Perks of Being a Wallflower

• How are teenagers represented? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• How are teenage boys represented? Are the boys traditional American teenage 'geeks' or does the film subvert this notion? Why?
• How are females represented? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• How are white people represented? Is this typical? Why?
• How is the gay character represented? Is he an outsider? Why?

The Wolf of Wall Street

• How are American businessmen represented? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• How are women represented? Is the film sexist? Why?
• How are the 1980s represented? Is the film critical of a certain mentality or way of life? Why?
• How are black characters represented? Why?
• How is the idea of the American Dream represented? Does it reinforce or challenge the stereotypical portrayal of America? Why? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.

Frozen

• How are females represented? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• Does the film subvert tradition gender roles? How is the Princess different to princesses in other Disney films? Why?
• How are males represented? What examples can you provide to support his? 
• How are fairy tales represented? Why?

Captain America: Civil War

• How are men represented in the trailer? Is this representation reinforcing the representations of men in Hollywood action films? How? Why?
• Is there any female representation in the trailer? What message might this send to the audience?
• How is authority represented - police, government etc.? Does this fit the typical representation of authority in Hollywood action or comic book films?

Django Unchanined

• How are black people represented? Is this a fair and honest portrayal of slavery? Why?
• How are women represented? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• How are white non-American represented? Why?
• How are white men represented? Why?
• Is it as simple as saying black people are represented as good and white people as bad? Why?

Precious

• How is family represented? Is this a stereotypical dysfunctional American family? Why? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• How are black people represented? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• How are obese people represented? Why
• How are women represented? Why?
• How is disability represented? Why?
• How is American life represented? Is this the picture of American life we normally see in Hollywood films?

The Hunger Games

• How are women represented in the trailer? Are traditional female roles subverted? Use specific examples from the trailer to support your points.
• How are men represented? Is this different to what we'd expect in a Hollywood action adventure film?
• How is the political hierarchy and those in power represented (President Snow and his army)? Why?
• How does the Hunger Games trailer suggest the film might be making wider points about real life and the media (reality TV, materialism etc)? What might these representations suggest to the audience?

Representation: notes and example

Key notes: what influences representation?

1. The media text itself
2. The opinions of the person making the representation
3. The reaction of the audience to the representation
4. The society in which the representation is taking place

Analysing representation in film or TV

When we analyse representation in film or TV, we are interested in how certain people or groups are portrayed.

Key word: stereotypes

Stereotype: A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

Representation blog task

1) Go back to the film you chose at the start of the unit for your essay. Here's a reminder of the original case study task.

2) Embed the trailer in a new blog post called 'Representation analysis'. 

3) Write a 250 word analysis of the representation of different people or groups in the trailer.

Example of representation analysis

Remember the short clip from Die Hard 3 we analysed in the lesson:

The representation of gender in Die Hard 3 reinforces traditional gender stereotypes. Bruce Willis plays the stereotypical male American action hero. He is aggressive, brave, intelligent and heroic in trying to find the “school bomb” that is discussed in the phone conversation. When the bomb is about to detonate, he refuses to run or throw it away and instead solves the riddle under extreme pressure. These are typical qualities associated with men in action films. Similarly, the lack of female representation in the clip also reinforces stereotypes. This creates the suggestion that dangerous situations such as a terrorist threat are no place for a woman. This is an old fashioned (and quite sexist) representation of women but is typical of Hollywood action cinema.